{"id":7446,"date":"2012-03-16T10:41:05","date_gmt":"2012-03-16T15:41:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/?p=7446"},"modified":"2012-10-10T15:57:20","modified_gmt":"2012-10-10T20:57:20","slug":"how-to-cool-down-texas-power-plants-with-less-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2012\/03\/16\/how-to-cool-down-texas-power-plants-with-less-water\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Cool Down Texas Power Plants With Less Water"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_7447\"  class=\"wp-caption module image right\" style=\"max-width: 200px;\"><a class=\"fancybox\" title=\"Ashlynn Stillwell's research looks at how to reduce water use by power plants.\" href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/files\/2012\/03\/astillwell200x215.jpg\" rel=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7447\" title=\"astillwell200x215\" src=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/files\/2012\/03\/astillwell200x215.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"250\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-media-credit\">Photo courtesy of Webber Energy Group\/University of Texas at Austin<\/p><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashlynn Stillwell&#39;s research looks at how to reduce water use by power plants.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>During the <a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/topic\/drought\/\">current Texas drought<\/a> lakes have <a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2012\/02\/27\/for-spicewood-beach-dry-is-the-new-normal\/\">dried up<\/a>, towns have <a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/topic\/spicewood-beach\/\">run out of water<\/a>, water pipes <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CDsQtwIwAQ&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kxan.com%2Fdpp%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdrought-causing-broken-water-pipes&amp;ei=qFtjT_D5HsiIsQKelrycCw&amp;usg=AFQjCNGvRcDJHCZOSCnUPwBcSfuMhbfHyg&amp;sig2=AfUxxZWQOtZXpcwaYUc_Cw\">have burst<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2011\/12\/23\/after-bastrop-fires-a-season-of-reflection-and-rebuilding\/\">wildfires have raged<\/a>. The use of water is a major concern of all Texans, and water use by steam-electric power plants in Texas is <a href=\"http:\/\/www.window.state.tx.us\/specialrpt\/drought\/pdf\/96-1704-Drought.pdf\">projected to go up over 120 percent by 2060<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Technology that can reduce the amount of water a power plant needs to create energy and cool down has never been more important. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.caee.utexas.edu\/student-profiles\/stillwell\/index.html\">Ashlynn Stillwell<\/a>, a civil and architectural engineering PhD candidate at the University of Texas at Austin with the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.webberenergygroup.com\/\">Webber Energy Group<\/a>, sat down to speak with us recently about her research into water use by power plants and how it will affect Texas\u2019 water supply.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>Can you give us a brief description of how thermoelectric power plants use water?<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>So, thermoelectric power plants use some sort of fuel to create steam and then that steam turns a turbine. Usually, the water that is used is very high-purity, so we don\u2019t want to lose that water. We want to condense it and recycle it and reuse it. The way that we condense it is to use some method of cooling. So, that is either using a river or a lake for cooling directly, or using cooling towers.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div class=\"related-content alignright\"><h4 class=\"related-header\">Related<\/h4><div class=\"links\"><h5>Posts<\/h5><ul><li class=\"link\"><a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2011\/11\/15\/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-water-in-texas\/\">Five Things You Might Not Know About Water in\u00a0Texas<\/a><\/li><li class=\"link\"><a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2011\/12\/01\/will-the-lights-stay-on-in-texas\/\">Will the Lights Stay On in\u00a0Texas?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"link\"><a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2012\/01\/31\/when-wells-run-dry-spicewood-beach-is-out-of-water\/\">When Wells Run Dry: Spicewood Beach, Texas is Out of\u00a0Water<\/a><\/li><li class=\"link\"><a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/2012\/02\/20\/how-wind-energy-can-power-desalination-in-texas\/\">How Wind Energy Can Power Desalination in\u00a0Texas<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"topics\"><h5>Topics<\/h5><p class=\"topic\"><img class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/files\/2011\/07\/ERCOT-Power-Electricity-By-Daniel-Reese-05-60x60.jpg\" height=\"60\" width=\"60\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/topic\/ercot\/\">What Is The Electric Reliability Council Of Texas (ERCOT)?<\/a><\/p><p class=\"topic\"><img class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/files\/2011\/11\/119835727-60x60.jpg\" height=\"60\" width=\"60\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/topic\/drought\/\">Everything You Need to Know About the Texas Drought<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>How pure does this water need to be, how is it used to cool and what are the different cooling methods used?<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>There are two different water loops in a thermoelectric power plant. One is a closed loop, where the steam is generated and then condensed, so that is just a closed system of high-purity water that transfers between being a liquid and being a gas vapor. So, that loop is very high purity water but it doesn\u2019t come into contact with anything, and it usually stays in the same quantities because it\u2019s a closed loop.<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\">The part that we are actually concerned with is the other side of the heat exchange operation, the cooling water, so that is a very high water use. It often doesn\u2019t need to be very clean water, so here in Austin there is the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.austinenergy.com\/about%20us\/environmental%20initiatives\/Sand%20Hill\/index.htm\">Sand Hill Energy Center*\u00a0<\/a>and they use reclaimed water that comes from our wastewater treatment plants to cool their power plants. So, it doesn\u2019t have to be clean water so to speak, for that particular operation that we are considering.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>Which types of power plants are particularly bad about using large amounts of water and which power plants use little water?<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>So, how much water a power plant uses depends on how much heat they have to reject. Nuclear power plants tend to use the most water, and that is not because they are dirtier, but because the power plant has no smoke stacks. So, in a coal power plant you would have a stack releasing carbon dioxide and other combustion gases that would be hot, so a lot of the heat is escaping through that flue gas. But a nuclear power plant doesn\u2019t have that smoke stack, so all of the heat has to be rejected in the cooling water, instead of all of [the heat] generating electricity. So, most power plants are about 30 to 40 percent efficient. And the rest of the energy content has to be released heat. At the top of the spectrum is nuclear and then conventional coal and then moving into the sort of medium areas are clean coal and combined-cycle natural gas\u2026 then the ones that don\u2019t use any water at all are photovoltaic panels and wind turbines because they don\u2019t need cooling. Occasionally, you do need to wash them down, but most of the time they don\u2019t need any water at all.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>Tell me about the systems you are developing and the more promising technologies you see being used in the future.<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>Often times we fault policy makers for making the wrong decision and doing something that tears up our environment. But maybe they didn\u2019t have all the information they needed when they made that decision. So, we are working on different tools that will indicate the tradeoffs associated with a particular policy or technology choice. For example, let\u2019s say we want to continue to use coal because it\u2019s a domestic source of fuel, but we decide that we want to cut back carbon emissions so we decide that we want to use clean coal technologies to capture all the carbon dioxide that is release from the power plant. Doing that helps from a greenhouse gas emissions perspective, but because of the parasitic losses associated with the actual system it can often double the water use of a given power plant, so there are a lot of tradeoffs associated with a particular decision. We are working on engineering tools that really speak to society, rigorous on an engineering and a scientific standpoint, but also applicable to the real world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>What are some of the major obstacles that you all have dealt with in your research and work with reducing the amount of water that power plants use?<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>There have been a lot of obstacles. Some of them are on the power plant side and some of them are just plain on the policy side of things. So, on the policy side we don\u2019t necessarily have any existing policy levers that will encourage power plants to use less water. So, often in Texas, at least, power plants have water rights and they\u2019ve had them for a long time, and there\u2019s no financial incentive for them to decrease use. And on the power plant side of things, installing low-water cooling technologies is very expensive, so there\u2019s no incentive for them to decrease water use if they\u2019re not going to save any money on the water because they have already paid for the water, they\u2019ve already paid for their water right and there\u2019s no incentive to install multi-million dollar equipment without some sort of incentive or policy lever. And there so there\u2019s no real economic incentive and there\u2019s no real policy incentive in Texas right now.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>Do you think the drought has increased the awareness of how power plants need to reduce the amount of water that they use?<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>I feel like the drought has made people pay attention. We\u2019ve been doing this research since 2006, so we\u2019ve known for a long time that power plants need water to cool themselves. But sometimes it takes some sort of large event, like having a drought, a large drought, and a lack of water for people to start to pay attention. And by people I mean policy makers, planners, managers, people that make big decisions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q:\u00a0Can you explain what the energy-water nexus means?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>When we say energy-water nexus we mean water-for-energy and energy-for-water. So, the water-for-energy is what we\u2019ve been talking about, water for thermoelectric power plants. There\u2019s water involved in mining and refining different fuels, oil, oil sands, tar sands, oil shale, all of those require water. And then on the other side, water requires energy. We use a lot of energy to pump water, to treat water, to treat wastewater, and actually the big factor in that is heating water. Domestic and commercial water heating is a huge energy user. That\u2019s some of the things we are doing in our group, some of the other members of our group are quantifying some of those aspects of energy-for-water, water-for-energy that some people haven\u2019t necessarily thought about.<\/p>\n<p class=\"question\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"question\">Q: <\/span>Are your efforts focused more on Texas or are they nationwide?<\/p>\n<p class=\"answer\"><span class=\"abbr\" title=\"answer\">A: <\/span>We are focusing on Texas because the drought is a hot topic, sorry to use a pun, but it is a hot topic and Texas is a good test bed because the electricity grid in Texas is pretty much confined to the state boundary. In the continental United States we really have three electricity grids, there is a western interconnect, an eastern interconnect and Texas. So, as you can imagine the eastern and the western grids are very large, but Texas is smaller. And we are here, we are on the ground in Texas, so we know about the power plants and about the water factors.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0*This post originally misspelled Sand Hill. We regret the error.<\/p>\n<h5>David Barer is an intern with StateImpact Texas.<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During the current Texas drought lakes have dried up, towns have run out of water, water pipes have burst and wildfires have raged. The use of water is a major concern of all Texans, and water use by steam-electric power plants in Texas is projected to go up over 120 percent by 2060. Technology that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":7447,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[57],"tags":[61,14],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7446"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/72"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7446"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7499,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7446\/revisions\/7499"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateimpact.npr.org\/texas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}